Imperium in Imperio

Monday, March 3, 2008

Ohio Presidents Harrison

Benjamin Harrison (born in North Bend Ohio on August 20, 1833 - died March 13, 1901) attended Miami University in Oxford, Ohio. He was elected our 23rd U.S. President, from 1889 to 1893.


His grandfather William Henry Harrison, the 9th President of the United States, was a Clerk of Courts in Hamilton County (Cincinnati) in May, 1836 when he was elected president in 1840.

In the campaign against Chief Little Turtle, Tecumseh and the native American Indians, Harrison served as aide-de-camp to General "Mad Anthony" Wayne at the Battle of Fallen Timbers, which opened most of the Ohio area to settlement. After resigning from the Army in 1798, he became Secretary of the Northwest Territory, was its first delegate to Congress, and helped obtain legislation dividing the Territory into the Northwest and Indiana Territories.

In 1801 he became Governor of the Indiana Territory, serving 12 years.

In 1803 Ohio became a state.
In 1809 chieftain, Tecumseh, with his religious brother, the Prophet, began to strengthen an Indian confederation to prevent further encroachment. In 1811 Harrison received permission to attack the confederacy.

While Tecumseh was away seeking more allies, Harrison led about a thousand men toward the Prophet's town. Suddenly, before dawn on November 7, the Indians attacked his camp on Tippecanoe River. After heavy fighting, Harrison repulsed them, but suffered 190 dead and wounded.

The Battle of Tippecanoe, upon which Harrison's fame was to rest, disrupted Tecumseh's confederacy but failed to diminish Indian raids. By the spring of 1812, they were again terrorizing the frontier.

In the War of 1812 Harrison won more military laurels when he was given the command of the Army in the Northwest with the rank of brigadier general. At the Battle of the Thames, north of Lake Erie, on October 5, 1813, he defeated the combined British and Indian forces, and killed Tecumseh. The Indians scattered, never again to offer serious resistance in what was then called the Northwest.

Thereafter Harrison returned to civilian life; the Whigs, in need of a national hero, nominated him for President in 1840. He won by a majority of less than 150,000, but swept the Electoral College, 234 to 60.

When he arrived in Washington in February 1841, Harrison let Daniel Webster edit his Inaugural Address, ornate with classical allusions. Webster obtained some deletions, boasting in a jolly fashion that he had killed "seventeen Roman proconsuls as dead as smelts, every one of them."

Imperium in Imperio




In 1866, Ohio adopted its first motto to be incorporated into the state seal. “Imperium in Imperio" Latin for "An Empire Within an Empire."

Ohio's history has displayed that this original motto was an appropriate on for what is in actuality representative of the true heartland of the United States.

This motto was short-lived and as a result, Ohio went without a motto for the next 91 years.

It wasn't until 1958, at the urging of a 12-year-old Cincinnati boy, James Mastronardo, recommended the the quotation from the Bible - “ In God All Things Are Possible Ohio's current state motto was adopted October 1, 1959

In 1997, the A C L U filed a suit against Ohio and its state motto, claiming that this phrase from the Bible violated the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees religious freedom and a separation of church and state. Various federal courts sided with Ohio, allowing the state to retain the motto. Judges ruled that Ohio's motto was not a violation of the First Amendment.

As this blog evolves we will explore the historical and ethical content which makes Ohio the dynamic core of American values.